The Russia–Ukraine War has led to extensive development in explosive charges and fuzes for loitering munitions. These developments initially consisted of combinations of standard or improvised ammunition fitted with improvised fuzes adapted for this mission, but gradually evolved into a standardized industrial production base producing purpose-built munitions and standardized fuzes designed specifically for loitering munition employment.
In January 2026, documentation and technical materials were circulated on social media detailing the structure of the KOZBCh-1.8 warhead intended for loitering munition use, which was first observed in operational employment in July 2025. These materials provide insight into the design and functioning of this munition.
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Mobius report 15/2026 – Anti-Railroad IEDs with Seismic Initiation Systems, Ukraine
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